Actualización en analgesia preventiva y analgesia multimodal / Update on preventive analgesia and multimodal analgesia

Una deficiente calidad del manejo del dolor post operatorio agudo genera aumento en la morbilidad perioperatoria, disminuye la calidad de vida del paciente, aumenta los reingresos hospitalarios y, finalmente, los costes en salud. La analgesia preventiva y multimodal son dos estrategias que han sido implementadas para tratar de optimizar el manejo del dolor. Si bien en la primera, la evidencia es favorable a su empleo, aún no existe un total consenso en esto. A su vez, la analgesia multimodal, al emplear diferentes fármacos y/o técnicas, ha logrado evidenciar de mejor manera su utilidad y los beneficios al implementarla como terapia. En este artículo, revisamos la evidencia que certifica y avala el uso de éstas. Finalmente, a nuestro parecer, lo más importante en el quehacer del clínico, es lograr individualizar la estrategia que usaremos en el manejo del dolor postoperatorio, adaptándonos a las necesidades y el contexto propio de cada uno de nuestros pacientes.

A poor quality of acute postoperative pain management generates an increase in perioperative morbidity, decreases the quality of life of the patient, increases hospital readmissions and finally, increases health costs. Preventive and multimodal analgesia are two strategies that are implemented to try to optimize pain management. Although in the first, the evidence is favorable to its use, there is still no total consensus. At the same time, multimodal analgesia, by using different drugs and/or techniques, has demonstrated, in a better way, its usefulness and benefits when implemented as a therapy. In this article, we review the evidence that certifies and supports the use of these techniques. Finally, in our opinion, the most important thing in the clinician's task is to be able to individualize the strategy that we will use in postoperative pain management, adapting to the needs and context of each one of our patients.

The effect of preoperative application of butorphanol tartrate on the quality of recovery in patients undergoing thoracoscopic lobectomy / 中国医师杂志

Objective:To observe the effect of preoperative application of butorphanol tartrate on postoperative recovery quality in patients undergoing thoracoscopic lobectomy.Methods:A prospective selection was conducted on 96 lung cancer patients who underwent thoracoscopic lobectomy and were admitted to Linyi People′s Hospital from May 2021 to September 2021. They were randomly divided into observation group and control group using a random table number method, with 48 patients in each group. The observation group received intravenous injection of 0.02 mg/kg butorphanol tartrate 15 minutes before anesthesia induction; The control group was given an equal volume of physiological saline. The operation site, operation time, remifentanil dosage during operation, heart rate (HR) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) at each time point of admission (T 0), intubation (T 1), 5 min after intubation (T 2), extubation (T 3), 5 min after extubation (T 4), and 15 min into post-anaesthesia care unit (PACU) (T 5) were recorded; The awakening Restlessness score (RS), Ramsay score, Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) score at T 4 and T 5, the time required from completion to extubation, and postoperative anesthesia related adverse reactions were evaluated. Results:There was no significant difference in the operation site, operation time and remifentanil dosage between the two groups (all P>0.05). Compared with T 0, the HR at T 2, T 3 and T 4, MAP at T 1, T 2, T 3 and T 4 in the two groups decreased significantly (all P<0.05). The HR of the observation group at T 1 and T 3 was significantly lower than that of the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (all P<0.05). The VAS scores of T 4 and T 5 in the observation group were lower than those in the control group after surgery, while the Ramsay score were higher than those in the control group (all P<0.001). The incidence of postoperative restlessness, nausea and vomiting in the observation group was lower than that in the control group ( P<0.05). Conclusions:Administering 0.02 mg/kg butorphanol tartrate 15 minutes before anesthesia induction can improve the quality of recovery in patients undergoing thoracoscopic lobectomy, reduce restlessness and related adverse reactions during recovery.

Analgesia preventiva versus analgesia postoperatoria con paracetamol + ketorolaco en colecistectomía laparoscópica / Preventive versus postoperative analgesia with paracetamol + ketorolac in laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Resumen: Introducción: La analgesia preventiva es la administración de un fármaco o realización de una intervención capaz de inhibir o bloquear la respuesta dolorosa con la finalidad de prevenir el dolor asociado a un procedimiento quirúrgico. Objetivo: Identificar si existen diferencias en el control del dolor postoperatorio utilizando analgesia preventiva versus analgesia postoperatoria, manejado con paracetamol + ketorolaco en pacientes sometidos a colecistectomía laparoscópica electiva. Material y métodos: Ensayo clínico controlado, comparativo, aleatorizado, longitudinal, unicéntrico, prospectivo, homodémico, doble ciego; con 70 pacientes divididos en dos grupos. En el grupo 1 que recibió analgesia preventiva se usó paracetamol + ketorolaco y en el grupo 2 se utilizó el mismo esquema de manera postquirúrgica inmediata. Se midió tensión arterial, frecuencia cardíaca, escala verbal numérica del dolor y presencia de efectos secundarios de los fármacos en distintos momentos. Prueba estadística T de Student con significancia estadística de p < 0.05. Resultados: A los 60 minutos la tensión arterial diastólica en el grupo 1 tuvo diferencia de medias -4.20 con p = 0.027 y la escala verbal numérica presentó diferencia de medias de -0.71 y p = 0.002. A las cuatro horas la tensión arterial diastólica mostró diferencia de medias de -3.5 y p = 0.033. Las náuseas se constataron en 2.9% para el grupo 1 y 8.6% para el grupo 2. Conclusiones: Existe una mejor respuesta al dolor en aquellos pacientes que reciben un esquema de analgesia preventiva en comparación a los que se les administra un esquema de analgesia postquirúrgica inmediata.

Abstract: Introduction: Preventive analgesia is the administration of a drug or performance of an intervention capable of inhibiting or blocking the painful response in order to prevent the pain associated with a surgical procedure. Objective: To identify whether there are differences in postoperative pain control using preventive analgesia versus postoperative analgesia, managed with paracetamol + ketorolac in patients undergoing elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Material and methods: Controlled clinical trial, randomized, longitudinal, unicentric, prolective, homodemic, double blind; 70 patients divided into two groups. group 1 received preventive analgesia using paracetamol + ketorolac and group 2 same scheme in an immediate postsurgical manner. Bloodpressure, heartrate, numerical verbal scale of pain and presence of side effects of drugs at different times were measured. Student's t-test with statistical significance of p < 0.05. Results: At 60 minutes the diastolic blood pressure in group 1 had difference of means -4.20 with p = 0.027 and numerical verbal scale presented difference of means of -0.71 and p = 0.002. At four hours diastolic bloodpressure showed difference of means of -3.5 and p = 0.033. Nausea was reported in 2.9% for group 1 and 8.6% for group 2. Conclusions: There is a better response to pain in those patients who receive a preventive analgesia scheme compared to those who are administered an immediate post-surgical analgesia scheme.

Analgesia preventiva con microdosis de ketamina en pacientes operados con anestesia general / Preemtive analgesia with micro doses of ketamine in patients under general anesthesia

INTRODUCTION: Acute postoperative pain is a complex physiological reaction to tissue injury or disease. Ketamine, an NMDA receptor antagonist, is the only intravenous anesthetic with hypnotic, analgesic and amnesic properties. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of the administration of ketamine microdosis in patients operated with general anesthesia. METHODS: A prospective, quasi-experimental, controlled, double-blind study was conducted in patients operated under general anesthesia by the General Surgery service at the University Carlos Carlos de Céspedes University Hospital in Bayamo, in the period from January 2016 to December 2018. RESULTS: Age was homogeneous in both groups. The female sex prevailed in both groups without significant differences. There is a similarity in the mean ENV scores in the study group throughout the entire follow-up, never reaching 2 points. On the contrary, the patients in the control group, obtained throughout the follow-up an average score around 3 points. A lower opioid demand is observed in the group to which the ketamine microdose was administered. Hemodynamic parameters (heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure) remained stable throughout the study period without statistically significant differences between the two. CONCLUSIONS: The administration of ketamine microdosis, as preventive analgesia in patients operated with general anesthesia, has proven effective in the control of acute postoperative pain.

INTRODUCCIÓN: El dolor postoperatorio agudo es una reacción fisiológica compleja a la lesión tisular o enfermedad. La ketamina, antagonista del receptor NMDA, es el único anestésico intravenoso con propiedades hipnóticas, analgésicas y amnésicas. OBJETIVO: Evaluar la efectividad de la administración de microdosis de ketamina en pacientes operados con anestesia general. MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio prospectivo, cuasi experimental, controlado, doble ciego en pacientes operados con anestesia general por el Servicio de Cirugía General en el Hospital Provincial Universitario "Carlos Manuel de Céspedes" de Bayamo, en el período comprendido desde enero de 2016 hasta diciembre de 2018. RESULTADOS: La edad fue homogénea en ambos grupos. El sexo femenino predominó en ambos grupos sin diferencias significativas. Hay una similitud en las puntuaciones medias de la ENV en el grupo estudio a lo largo de todo el seguimiento, nunca llegando a los 2 puntos. Por el contrario, los pacientes del grupo control, obtuvieron a lo largo de todo el seguimiento una puntuación media en torno a los 3 puntos. Se observa una demanda de opioide inferior en el grupo al que se le administró la microdosis de ketamina. Los parámetros hemodinámicos (frecuencia cardíaca, presión arterial sistólica y diastólica) permanecieron estables durante todo el periodo de estudio sin diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre ambos. CONCLUSIONES: La administración de microdosis de ketamina, como analgesia preventiva en pacientes operados con anestesia general, ha demostrado ser efectiva en el control del dolor agudo postoperatorio.

Analgesia preventiva en el dolor postoperatorio / Preventive analgesia in postoperative pain

Resumen: El término de analgesia preventiva no es un concepto nuevo, dado que fue descrito por primera vez en 1988. El concepto (al que podríamos llamar «tratamiento antinociceptivo¼) sostiene que el alivio del dolor antes de la cirugía puede mejorar el manejo del dolor agudo postoperatorio, mediante la planificación de una analgesia pretransoperatoria, y tiene como objetivo prevenir la sensibilización del sistema nervioso central; por lo tanto, el desarrollo del dolor patológico después de una lesión tisular. Por su propia definición, se fundamenta en la prevención de un proceso alterado de las aferencias sensitivas y el impacto que tiene sobre el control del dolor agudo postoperatorio, la transición de dolor agudo a dolor crónico y la amplificación del estímulo nociceptivo agudo. Este capitulo presenta un resumen de las intervenciones de analgesia preventiva con mayor grado de evidencia en la literatura para aminorar el dolor agudo postoperatorio.

Abstract: The term of preventive analgesia is not a new concept, since it was first described in 1988. This concept (that we could call «antinociceptive treatment¼) argues that pain relief before surgery may improve the management of postoperative acute pain, by planning a pre-trans-operative analgesia and aims to prevent the sensitization of the central nervous system, therefore the development of pathological pain after a tissue injury. By its own definition, it is based on the prevention of an altered process from some sensorial afferent pathways and the impact it has on the control of postoperative acute pain, the transition from acute pain to chronic pain and the amplification of acute nociceptive stimulation. This chapter presents a summary of the interventions of preventive analgesia with the highest level of evidence in literature to ameliorate postoperative acute pain.

Analgesia preventiva con diclofenaco endovenoso en niños operados por cirugía general de forma electiva / Preventive analgesia with intravenous diclofenac for elective paediatric general surgery

Introducción: El dolor es un síntoma tan antiguo como la propia humanidad y ha formado parte inseparable de esta. Objetivo: Evaluar la efectividad de la analgesia preventiva con diclofenaco en el dolor posoperatorio en niños operados por cirugía general electiva. Método: Se realizó un estudio prospectivo, cuasiexperimental, en 230 niños operados por cirugía general electiva. La muestra se distribuyó en dos grupos; analgesia preventiva con diclofenaco (grupo estudio), versus dipirona por vía rectal (grupo control). Las variables analizadas fueron intensidad del dolor, modificaciones hemodinámicas, evolución clínica y eventos adversos. Resultados: En ambos grupos prevalecieron los pacientes entre los 6 y 10 años de edad. En el grupo estudio, el dolor apareció a partir de las 6 h después de la operación, en solo 23 pacientes. No así en el grupo control que desde las 4 h, 19 pacientes refirieron dolor. En el grupo estudio los 23 pacientes tuvieron aproximadamente 2 h de duración del dolor y de ellos, solo 4 con intensidad severa; mientras que en el control 65 refirieron 2 h de dolor y el resto lo refirieron durante 4 h a pesar del rescate analgésico. Nueve de ellos, presentaron intensidad severa. Algunos pacientes presentaron modificaciones de la tensión arterial, frecuencia cardiaca y respiratoria asociadas al dolor. Los efectos adversos frecuentes fueron náuseas y vómitos. Conclusiones: La administración preventiva de diclofenaco disminuye la intensidad del dolor posoperatorio en los procedimientos quirúrgicos de cirugía general electiva en niños(AU)

Introduction: Pain is a symptom as old as humanity itself and has been an inseparable part of it. Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of preventive analgesia with diclofenac for postoperative pain in elective paediatric general surgery. Methods: A prospective, quasi-experimental study was carried out with 230 children who underwent elective general surgery. The sample was divided into two groups: preventive analgesia with diclofenac (study group) versus dipyrone by the rectal way (control group). The variables analyzed were pain intensity, hemodynamic modifications, clinical evolution and adverse events. Results: In both groups, patients aged 6-10 years of age prevailed. In the study group, pain onset occurred at 6 hours after surgery, in only 23 patients; not being that way in the control group, in which, at 4 hours, 19 patients reported pain. In the study group, the 23 patients had approximately 2 hours of pain duration and, among them, only 4 hours with severe intensity; while in the control group, 65 patients reported 2 hours of pain and the rest referred it for 4 hours despite the analgesic rescue. Nine of them presented severe intensity. Some patients presented changes in blood pressure, heart rate and breathing associated with pain. The frequent adverse effects include nausea and vomiting. Conclusions: The preventive administration of diclofenac decreases the intensity of posoperative pain in surgical procedures of elective paediatric general surgery(AU)

Analgesia preventiva con pregabalina en pacientes postoperados de colecistectomía laparoscópica / Preventive analgesia with pregabalin in patients after laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Resumen Antecedentes: La analgesia preventiva es la administración de un fármaco analgésico con el objetivo de atenuar el dolor postoperatorio, la hiperalgesia y alodinia. Está justificado su uso con la finalidad de ofrecer analgesia y disminuir la ansiedad a los pacientes sometidos a procedimientos laparoscópicos. Objetivo: Evaluar si la pregabalina en dosis de 1 mg/kg de peso es eficaz para analgesia preventiva en pacientes postoperados de colecistectomía laparoscópica. Métodos: Se realizó un ensayo clínico controlado ciego simple que incluyó 60 pacientes programados para colecistectomía laparoscópica divididos en 2 grupos de manera aleatoria, donde al grupo 1 se administró placebo y al grupo 2 se le administró pregabalina una dosis diaria 72 horas previas a la intervención quirúrgica. La intensidad del dolor se evaluó mediante la Escala Numérica Analógica a la hora, 2, 6,12 y 24 horas postoperatorias, así como el nivel de ansiedad prequirúrgico con la Escala de Hamilton. Resultados: Se demostró disminución del dolor en los pacientes del grupo de pregabalina desde la primera hora (p = 0.002), posteriormente fue más notorio el descenso del dolor en comparación con los pacientes a los que se les dio placebo, con valor estadísticamente significativo (p < 0.001), lo mismo sucedió con el nivel de ansiedad evaluada con la Escala de Hamilton (p < 0.005). Conclusión: El uso de pregabalina para analgesia preventiva resulta ser eficaz en la ansiedad preoperatoria y el periodo posquirúrgico, y con mínimos efectos adversos, en los pacientes operados de colecistectomía laparoscópica.

Abstract Background: Preventive analgesia is the administration of an analgesic drug with the aim of attenuating post-operative pain, hyperalgesia and allodynia. Its use is justified in order to offer analgesia and reduce anxiety in patients undergoing laparoscopic procedures. Objective: To evaluate if pregabalin in a dose of 1 mg/kg of weight is effective as preventive analgesia in post-operated laparoscopic cholecystectomy patients. Methods: A single-blind controlled clinical trial was conducted, which included 60 patients scheduled for laparoscopic cholecystectomy randomly divided into 2 groups, where Group 1 received placebo and Group 2 received pregabalin a daily dose 72 h prior to surgical intervention. The intensity of pain was assessed using the emergency nurses association scale at 2, 6, 12 and 24 post-operative h, as well as the level of presurgical anxiety with the Hamilton scale. Results: Pain reduction was demonstrated in patients in the pregabalin group from the 1st h (p = 0.002), later the decrease in pain was more noticeable compared to patients who were given placebo (p < 0.001), the same happened with the anxiety level evaluated with the Hamilton scale (p < 0.005). Conclusion: The use of pregabalin as preventive analgesia turns out to be effective in the post-operative period and the pre-operative anxiety with minimal adverse effects in the post-operated patients of laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

Preventive Analgesia: An Evidence-Based Alternative for Dentistry

he effective management of pain in dentistry increases the patient satisfaction, improves the treatment outcome and reduces the cost of care. To achieve this goal, different strategies are available for the administration of analgesics, such as preventive analgesia. The aim of this approach is to minimize sensitization induced by noxious perioperatory stimuli (both pre, intra and postoperatory). Available research support the favorable effect of preventive analgesia, although it also recognizes an important lack of high quality evidence to confirm its advantages. This new perspective article summarizes the preventive analgesia protocol, and its potential use in dentistry.

l manejo eficaz del dolor en odontología aumenta la satisfacción del paciente, mejora los resultados del tratamiento y reduce el costo de la atención. Para alcanzar esta meta, existen diferentes estrategias en la administración de analgésicos, como la analgesia preventiva. El objetivo de este enfoque es minimizar la sensibilización inducida por los estímulos perioperatorios nocivos (tanto pre, intra y postoperatorios). Los estudios apoyan el efecto favorable de la analgesia preventiva, aunque también reconocen una importante carencia de evidencia de alta calidad para confirmar sus ventajas. Este artículo de nueva perspectiva resume el enfoque de la analgesia preventiva y su potencial uso en odontología.

Clinical values of multimodal preventive analgesia in patients with partial hepatectomy for liver cancer / 中华外科杂志

Objective@#To investigate the clinical values of multimodal preventive analgesia in patients with partial hepatectomy for liver cancer.@*Methods@#A perspective study was conducted to collect data of patients with liver cancer who underwent partial hepatectomy from March 2014 to March 2015.The 90 patients involved in the study were randomly divided into two groups as multimodal analgesia and control groups, and each group had 45 cases. In multimodal analgesia group, 40 mg parecoxib sodium was injected intravenously 30 minutes before anesthetic induction, and 0.375% ropivacaine 150 mg combined with dexamethasone 5 mg were applied to transversus abdominis plane block before closing abdomen.The patients in control group without above treatment. Patient controlled intravenous analgesia was used in all patients. Three days after surgery, 40 mg parecoxib sodium was injected intravenously, twice a day for all patients.Visual analogue scales (VAS) was used to evaluate postoperative pain, and postoperative adverse events were observed.The number of cases of postoperative ambulation (>6 h for every day), time of flatus and defecation, and duration of hospital stay were recorded in two groups.Pearson chi-square test was used to compare the rate or constituent ratio between two groups.Independent sample t test or Mann-Whitney U was used to analyzed the measurement data between two groups.@*Results@#There were no difference between two groups in aging, gender, weight, body mass index, ASA classification, blood loss volume, time of operation(all P>0.05). The scores of VAS in multimodal analgesia group was significantly lower than that in control group(3.0±0.8 vs. 4.6±1.1, t=7.814, P<0.01 for day 1; 2.2±1.0 vs. 3.6±1.2, t=5.825, P<0.01 for day 2; 1.6±0.8 vs. 2.4±1.2, t=3.894, P<0.01 for day 3). The number of cases of postoperative ambulation(>6 h) in multimodal analgesia group was significantly more than that in control group (10 cases vs. 0 case, χ2=11.250, P<0.01 for day 1; 21 cases vs. 5 cases, χ2=13.846, P<0.01 for day 2; 28 cases vs. 17 cases, χ2=5.378, P =0.020 for day 3). The time of flatus and defecation, and duration of hospital stay were significantly shorter than that in control group((30.2±7.3) hours vs. (36.4±7.0)hours, t=4.115, P<0.01 for flatus; (50.9±5.2)hours vs. (60.7±7.3)hours, t=7.346, P<0.01 for defecation; (6.2±0.8)days vs. (9.6±1.1)days, t=16.615, P<0.01 for hospital stay).@*Conclusion@#Multimodal preventive analgesia effectively alleviate the postoperative pain, benefits early ambulation, improves recovery of gastrointestinal function, and shortens duration of hospital stay in patients with partial hepatectomy for liver cancer.

Dexmedetomidine preventive chronic post-hysterectomy pain / 临床麻醉学杂志

Objective To investigate the effects of dexmedetomidine preventive on chronic postsurgical pain (CPSP) in patients undergoing hysterectomy.Methods Eighty patients scheduled for elective abdominal hysterectomy,aged 18-65 years,ASA physical status Ⅰ or Ⅱ were recruited,and randomly divided into dexmedetomidine group (group D) and the control group (group C).All patients received total intravenous anesthesia with propofol and remifentanil.The patients in group D were administered intravenously dexmedetomidine 0.5μg·kg-1 ·h-1 from anesthesia induction to extubation at the end of surgery,while the patients in group C were administered normal saline 0.125 ml·kg-1· h-1.All patients received patient-controlled analgesia with fentanyl postoperatively.Intraoperative vital signs,the dose of analgesic and sedatives,and adverse reactions were recorded.CPSP and neuropathic pain (NP) were evaluated through the telephone follow-up in 3,6 and 12 months postoperatively.Results The peri-operative vital signs of both groups were stable,and no obvious adverse reaction were observed.The dosage of tramadol used for resue analgesia in group D was lower than that in group C [(58.8±15.4) mg vs (78.9±24.5) mg,P＜0.05].Seventy-one of eighty patients completed all follow-up (37 in group D,34 in group C).The incidence of CPSP in postoperative 3,6 and 12 months were 10.8％,5.4 ％,2.7 ％ in group D,significantly lower than 35.3 ％,26.5 ％,17.6％ in group C,respectively (P＜0.05).The incidence of NP in postoperative 3 and 6 months were 2.7％,0％,significantly lower than 17.6％,14.7％ in group C,respectively (P＜0.05).Conclusion Dexmedetomidine preventive analgesia alleviate chronic post-hysterectomy pain.

Clinical value of preventive analgesia in patients with radical gastrectomy for gastric cancer: a prospective study / 中华消化外科杂志

Objective To investigate the clinical value of preventive analgesia in patients with radical gastrectomy for gastric cancer.Methods The clinical data of 161 patients undergoing radical gastrectomy for gastric cancer at the Xijing Hospital from July 2012 to June 2013 were prospectively analyzed.A single-blind,randomized,controlled study was performed in the eligibe patients who were randomly divided into the preventive analgesia group and the control group based on a random number table.All the patients received major gastrectomy + Billroth Ⅱ anastomy or total gastrectomy + esophagojejunastomy,and then they received vein combined anesthesia and tracheal intubation.In the preventive analgesia group,10 mg dexamethasone and 200 mg parecoxib were administered by intravenous infusion before operation,7-8 mL ropivacaine (0.5％) were injected at the incisional site and transversus abdominis infiltration at open and close surgery and celecoxib was taken orally for 3 days.In the control group,vein analgesia pump was used after operation.The visual analogue scale (VAS),proportion of patients with postoperative out-off-bed activity time ＞ 8 hours,time of flatus,time of defecation and duration of hospital stay were recorded between the 2 groups.The measurement data with normal distribution were presented as x ± s.The comparison between groups was evaluated with the t test and repeated measures ANOVA.The data with skew distrubution and ordinal data were analyzed by the analysis of variance,and the count data were analyzed using the chi-square test.Results All the 161 patients who were screened for eligibility were randomly divided into the preventive analgesia group (87 patients) and the control group (74 patients).The scores of the VAS at postoperative day 1,2 and 3 were 2.8 ± 0.6,2.6 ± 0.4 and 1.8 ± 0.4 in the preventive analgesia group,and 5.3 ± 0.5,4.2 ± 0.6 and 2.4 ± 0.3 in the control group,with a significant difference between the 2 groups (F =4.25,P ＜ 0.05).The proportion of patients with postoperative first abmulation time ＞ 8 hours at postoperative day 1,2 and 3 were 8,17 and 20 in the preventive analgesia group,and 0,3 and 11 in the control group,with a significant difference between the 2 groups (x2 =7.60,10.26,3.16,P ＜ 0.05).The time of flatus,time of defecation and duration of hospital stay were (51 ± 24) hours,(61 ± 24) hours and (5.5 ± 3.0) days in the preventive analgesia group,compared with (71 ± 23) hours,(83 ± 30) hours and (6.3 ± 2.1) days in the control group,showing a significant difference between the 2 groups (t =5.32,5.04,0.17,P ＜ 0.05).All the patients in the 2 groups normally survived after surgery without respiratory depression,incision infection and adverse drug reaction.Conclusions Preventive analgesia in the perioperative treatment of patients with radical gastrectomy for gastric cancer could relieve the postoperative pain of patients,improve the bowel function and enhance the recovery of patients.Registry This study was registered with the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry with the registry number of ChiCTRTRC-11001440.

Analgesia preventiva con drogas antiinflamatorias no esteroideas en procedimientos quirúrgicos abdominales de urgencia / Preventive analgesia with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in emergency abdominal surgical procedures

Introducción: el arsenal de fármacos con los que cuenta el médico para aliviar el dolor es muy amplio. Muchos de ellos están al alcance de la mano y sólo hace falta tener los conocimientos para utilizarlos correctamente: Los AINEs constituyen los fármacos más utilizados. Objetivo: elaborar protocolos de analgesia preventiva para el paciente que se someterá a procedimientos quirúrgicos abdominal de urgencia. Método: estudio prospectivo de corte longitudinal, comparativo, a doble ciego en 120 pacientes intervenidos de urgencia. Variables: Edad, diagnóstico preoperatorio, antecedentes patológicos personales, duración de la intervención quirúrgica, evaluación del dolor postoperatorio, satisfacción del paciente. Método del Nivel Matemático Estadístico: Los datos obtenidos a través de un modelo recolector de datos (fueron procesados programas estadísticos SPSS versión 11,0 para Windows comprendió estudios de frecuencia, porcentaje y media, los resultados fueron presentados en tablas de contingencia, con una confiabilidad del 95,0 %. Se utilizó el Chi cuadrado (X²). Resultados: la analgesia preventiva con metimazol y diclofenaco es eficaz, segura y reduce las necesidades de anestésicos. Conclusiones: el uso de diclofenaco y metimazol como analgésico en el periodo posoperatorio inmediato da resultados satisfactorios, su uso combinado hace más eficaz la analgesia posoperatoria. El diclofenaco presentó su efecto analgésico en mayor tiempo. Se requirió dosis de rescate en la mayoría de los pacientes del Grupo I, a diferencia de los pacientes del resto de los grupos.

Introduction: the arsenal of drugs a doctor can use to relieve pain is very wide. Many of them are at hand and it is only required to have the knowledge to use them properly. NSAIDs are the most commonly used drugs. Objective: to elaborate preventive analgesia protocols for the patient who is going to undergo emergency abdominal surgical procedures. Method: a prospective longitudinal, comparative, double-blind study of 120 emergency patients operated on. Variables: age, preoperative diagnosis, personal pathological antecedents, duration of surgery, postoperative pain evaluation, patient satisfaction. Method of the Mathematical Statistical Level: the data obtained through a data collector model were processed by statistical programs SPSS version 11.0 for Windows, involved studies of frequency, percentage and mean, results were presented in contingency tables, with a reliability index of 95.0%. Chi-square (x2) was used. Results: preventive analgesia with methimazole and diclofenac is effective, safe and reduces the need for anesthetics. Conclusions: the use of methimazole and diclofenac as analgesics in the immediate postoperative period gives satisfactory results; its combined use makes postoperative analgesia more effective. Diclofenac presented its analgesic effect in greater time. Rescue dose was required in most of the Group 1 patients, in contrast to patients in the rest of the groups.

Preemptive analgesia versus analgesia preventiva / Anticipated analgesia versus preventive analgesia

Introducción: El dolor postoperatorio es un ejemplo de dolor agudo cuyo control inadecuado conduce a reacciones fisiopatológicas anormales y es un factor de retardo en la recuperación del paciente quirúrgico. El daño hístico provocado por la incisión quirúrgica provoca la entrada continua de impulsos aferentes que modifican la nocicepción y dan origen a modulaciones patológicas, la sensibilización periférica (hiperalgesia) y la sensibilización central (alodinia). La intervención quirúrgica es un tipo de agresión premeditada que nos permite anticiparnos a la aparición de dolor y actuar sobre los mecanismos fisiopatológicos que lo originan antes que se manifiesten plenamente. Objetivo: Realizar una revisión, acerca de investigaciones publicadas sobre las ventajas de la preemptive analgesia sobre la analgesia postoperatoria en el tratamiento del dolor postoperatorio. Desarrollo: En 1983 Woolf propuso el concepto de preemptive analgesia, que se basó en tratar el dolor antes que ocurriera el estímulo quirúrgico y mantener ese tratamiento mientras duraban los estímulos nocivos de alta intensidad y en el postoperatorio. La analgesia preventiva difiere de la preemptive analgesia en el momento en que se aplica la analgesia, que es después de establecida la daño, lo cual hace difícil su reversión. Conclusiones: Se han realizado numerosas investigaciones para demostrar las ventajas de la preemptive analgesia sobre la analgesia preventiva, pero los resultados no son concluyentes.

Introduction: The postoperative pain is an example of acute pain whose inappropriate control leads to abnormal pathophysiological reactions and it is a delay factor in the recovery of the surgical patient. The tissue damage provoked by the surgical incision creates the continuous entry of afferent impulses modifying the nociceptive process and leads to pathological modulations, peripheral sensitization (hyperalgesia) and central sensitization (allodynia). The surgical intervention is a type of premeditated aggression allowing us to anticipate to appearance of pain and to act on the pathophysiological mechanisms originating it before its total manifestation. Objective: To make a review on the published researches on the advantages of the anticipated analgesia on the postoperative analgesia in the treatment of postoperative pain. Development: In 1983 Woolf posed the concept of anticipated analgesia based in treatment of pain before the surgical stimulus and to maintain this treatment thoroughout the high intensity harmful stimuli and during the postoperative period. The preventive analgesia differs from he anticipated one due to the moment of analgesia's application, which after the damage's establishment which make difficult its review. Conclusions: There are many researches to demonstrate the advantages of the anticipated analgesia on the preventive one, but the results are not conclusive.

Dosis mínima preoperatoria de dexametasona endovenosa comocoadyuvante de antiinflamatorio no esteroidal en el manejo deldolor postoperatorio de operación cesárea / Preoperative minimum dosage of intravenous dexamethasone as a helper to nonsteroidal antiinflammatory medicine in C section postoperative pain management

La operación cesárea (CS) es una cirugía mayor abdominal que genera dolor moderado a severo en el periodo postoperatorio. Se han utilizado diversos esquemas analgésicos basados en combinaciones de dos o más medicamentos. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar la utilidad de la dexamentasona(DXM) como coadyuvante de antiinflamatorios no esteroidales(AINEs) en el manejo del dolor postoperatorio de la operación CS. Se estudiaron pacientes cursando embarazo de términoprogramadas para operación CS electiva bajo anestesia espinal(AE), sin contraindicación de anestesia regional o utilización de DXM. Se dividieron en 3 grupos: Grupo 1 (n=18): 8 mL de Suero fisiológico (SF), administrado 5 minutos previos a la realización de la AE, Grupo 2 (n=18): 0,05 mg/Kg de DXM en 8 mL de SF, administrado 5 minutos previos a la realización de la AE, Grupo3 (n=18): 0,1 mg/Kg de DXM en 8 mL de SF, administrado5 minutos previos a la realización de la AE. Para la analgesia postoperatoria se administró metamizol sódico y ketoprofeno. Como terapia de rescate analgésico se utilizó morfina endovenosa. Se realizó medición de glicemia a las puérperas y su recién nacido. El dolor postoperatorio se registró a las 1, 4,8, 16, 24 y 48 horas mediante escala visual análoga (EVA). Se registró el consumo de morfina, incidencia de efectos adversos, complicaciones postoperatorias e índice de satisfacción de las pacientes. No hubo diferencias en los parámetros demográficos de los grupos de estudio. La medición de las glicemias maternas y de los recién nacidos fueron similares en los 3 grupos. La medición de EVA postoperatorio fue significativamente menor en los grupos 2 y 3 versus el grupo 1 entre las 4 y 16 horas del postoperatorio. El consumo de morfina fue menor en los grupos2 y 3 versus el grupo 1.Este ensayo clínico prospectivo, aleatorizado y doble ciego demostró que una dosis de 0,05 mg/kg de DXM EV preoperatoria reduce el dolor postoperatorio...

C-section (CS) is major abdominal surgery that causes moderate to severe pain during the postoperative period. A number of analgesic methods have been used based on two or more medicine combinations. The object of this work was to evaluate the usefulness of Dexamethasone (DXM) as a helper to nonsteroidal antiinflammatory medicine in the management of CS postoperative pain. The study included full term pregnant patients programmed to undergo CS under spinal anesthesia (SA) for whom there was no regional anesthesia or DXM contraindication. Patients werestudied in three groups: Group 1 (n=18): 8 mL of physiological saline solution (PSS) passed five minutes before SA; Group 2(n=18): 0.05 mg/Kg of DXM in 8 mL of PSS passed five minutes before the SA; Group 3(n=18): 0,1 mg/Kg of DXM in 8 m Lof PSS passed five minutes before the SA. For postoperative analgesia patients received metamizole sodium and ketoprofen. As a rescue analgesic therapy, intravenous morphine was administered. Patients and their newly born babies were tested to measure glycemia levels. Postoperative pain occurred after 1,4, 8, 16, 24 and 48 hours and was measured using the analogue visual scale (AVS). The use of morphine was registered, impact of negative effects, postoperative complications and patients’level of satisfaction. The study groups showed no differences in demographic parameters. Measurements of glycemia levels in both mothers and babies were similar in all three groups. Postoperative AVS measurement was significantly lower in groups 2 and 3 compared to those in group 1 between 4 hours and 16 hours during the postoperative period. Morphine consumption in groups 2 and 3was lower compared to group 1.This prospective, randomized, and double blind clinical trial showed that a 0.05 mg/kg of preoperative intravenous DXM dose reduces postoperative pain when in association with NSAIs...

Analgesia preventiva: parte del pasado / Preventive analgesia: is that in the past

La analgesia preventiva se constituye como un área de desarrollo dentro del estudio del dolor. Numerosos autores y estudios multicéntricos han tratado de avalar o descartar el uso de la analgesia preventiva previo al acto quirúrgico, con el fin de evitar o modular el desarrollo tanto del dolor agudo postoperatorio como del dolor crónico. A través de este artículo, otorgamos una revisión de los conceptos incluidos en la analgesia preventiva y el dolor postoperatorio, dando a conocer los trabajos recientes publicados al respecto. Se analizan, además, las distintas modalidades de analgesia preventiva actualmente en uso y se establece que este tipo de manejo analgésico constituye un desafío actual que debe motivarnos a realizar nuevos estudios donde se integren los conceptos aprendidos y se establezca una estrategia analgésica que nos permita optimizar los resultados perioperatorios.

Preventive analgesia is a development area within the greater area of pain study. Numerous authors and Studies have intended to support or rule out the use of preventive analgesia prior to surgery in order to avoid or modulate both postoperative acute pain and chronic pain. In this article we review the concepts in preventive analgesia and postoperative pain, discussing the most recent publications. In addition, we analyze different types of preventive analgesia presently in use and establish that this type of analgesia management is a current challenge that should motivate us into exploring new ideas to integrate the concepts we have learnt and establish an analgesia strategy that allows us to optimize perioperative results.

Ketamina endovenosa preoperatoria mejora la analgesia postoperatoria de colecistectomías laparoscópicas / Preoperative intravenous ketamine improves analgesia alter laparoscopic cholecystectomy

El adecuado tratamiento del dolor agudo postoperatorio es un desafío actual y real. La utilización de analgesia preventiva con ketamina puede ser de alta utilidad, ya que prevendría la sensibilización central mediada por receptores n-metil-diaspartato (NMDA). Objetivo: evaluar el uso preincisión de colecistectomías laparoscópicas de 0,15 mg/kg de ketamina EV. Resultados: en 84 pacientes adultos con edad promedio de 52 +/- 9 años se logró una disminución significativa del dolor postoperatorio con el uso de ketamina EV preoperatoria. La evaluación visual análoga (EVA) de dolor fue significativamente menor en las 72 horas postoperatorias estudiadas. La cantidad de analgésico de rescate (morfina) consumida fue significativamente menor en el grupo que recibió ketamina siendo en promedio de 1,7 mg/por paciente en 24 horas versus el grupo que recibió placebo, que fue de 4,2 mg/por paciente en 24 horas (p<0.01). No se registraron episodios de malos recuerdos intraoperatorios y agitación en el despertar anestésico en ninguno de los grupos. La incidencia de náuseas y vómitos no tuvo diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los enfermos. El grado de satisfacción fue en general muy bueno y bueno en ambos grupos y no se evidenció diferencias entre ambos, pero los únicos dos casos que evaluaron su analgesia como mala se ubicaron en el grupo que recibió placebo. Con respecto a incidencia de pesadillas o alucinaciones, ningún paciente refirió haberlas presentado hasta 14 días postoperatorios. Conclusión: el uso de dosis bajas de ketamina EV en el preoperatorio de colecistectomías laparoscópicas es altamente recomendable, ya que proporciona una buena calidad analgésica, disminuyendo la necesidad de utilizar fármacos de rescate.

Backround: Treating acute postoperative pain is challenging. Preemptive analgesia with ketamine can be useful as it prevents central sensibilitation inhibiting NMDA receptors. Objective: To test a pre insision dose of 0.15 mg/kg ketamine during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Results: 84 patients were studied divided in two groups; group ketamine and group placebo. Acute postoperative pain was significantely lower in the ketamine group. VAS scores were lower for the 72 postoperative hours studied in patients receiving ketamine. Rescue analgesia (morphine) was 1.7 mg/patient for 24 hours in the ketamine group comparing it with the control group which was 4.2 mg/patient in 24 hours (p<0.01). Postoperative agitation, bad recalls or nightmares were absent in both groups. Postoperative nausea or vomiting had no difference comparing the groups. Patient satisfaction was evaluated good and very good by the mayority of them. There were two cases evaluating analgesic treatment as not good. Both received placebo. Conclusion: Preoperative ketamine was useful because it prometed good analgesia and because it lower the use of rescue analgesia.

Preventive Analgesic Effect of Preoperative Ketamine in Relieving Postoperative Pain after Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy / 中国微创外科杂志

Objective To investigate the effects of ketamine in relieving postoperative pain after laparoscopic cholecystectomy(LC).Methods Forty patients undergoing selective LC from July to August 2006 were randomly divided into ketamine group and control group,with 20 patients in each group.Incision pain and non-incision pain was assessed at 1,2,4,6,12,24 h and once each day for the first 3 days postoperatively with visual analogue pain scale(VAS)and sedation scale.Adverse effects and analgesic requirements were recorded.Results Patients in ketamine group had significantly lower scores in incision pain and non-incision pain compared with those of control group(F=22.805,P =0.000;F=18.109,P=0.000).Incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting was not significantly different(P=1.000)between ketamine(55%)and control group(60%).No significant difference was noticed in analgesic requirements between ketamine group(3 cases)and control group(9 cases)(P=0.082).Conclusions Preoperative administration of ketamine significantly improves postoperative analgesia after laparoscopic cholecystectomy,but does not reduce the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting.